3D Surface Profiler
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The VK-X3000 3D Surface Profiler uses a triple scan approach, where laser confocal scanning, focus variation, and white light interferometry measurement methods are used, so that high-accuracy measurement and analysis can be performed on any target. The VK-X3000 has a resolution of 0.01 nm and can scan areas up to 50 x 50 mm (1.97" x 1.97"), allowing for measurement of the overall shape of the target while still maintaining high-resolution for analysis of minute surface features. KEYENCE's new 3D Surface Profiler can handle any target, including those with transparent or mirrored surfaces, large height changes, or steep angles.
A 3D surface profiler is a generic term used to refer to measurement systems that acquire 3D data on targets through a variety of different methods, including laser scanning confocal microscopes, interferometers, and focus variation microscopes. 3D surface profilers are commonly used for observing, measuring, and analyzing surface characteristics of various targets.
Laser confocal scanning measurement principle
Laser microscopes utilize a special optical system consisting of a light source, a light receiving element (PMT), an objective lens, a half mirror, and a pinhole in order to perform both magnified observation and surface shape analysis.
The laser light generated by the light source is concentrated at the focal point by the objective lens, with the measurement target also being placed at the focal point. The laser light then reflects from the target surface and passes through the objective lens and is focused once more. A pinhole is situated at the focal position, directly in front of the light receiving element. The focused light passes through the pinhole, and all the reflected light enters the light receiving element.
When the target is at a position that is out of focus, the laser light is not concentrated and a portion is blocked by the pinhole, reducing the amount of light that reaches the light receiving element.
Laser microscopes detect whether the sample is at the focal position according to the intensity of the reflected light that returns to the light receiving element. An optical system which incorporates a pinhole in front of the light receiving element is known as a confocal optical system, and the detection principle is known as the "confocal principle."
Laser confocal scanning methods
Some typical methods of scanning used in laser microscopes are a Galvano scanner, an acousto-optic device (AOD), or a Nipkow disk.
Galvano scanner method:
Mirrors that reflect laser light are attached to the end of servo motors. The servo motors are controlled to change the angles of the mirrors, which causes the laser to scan in the X and Y directions. While this approach can produce high data quality, scanning takes time.
Acousto-optic device (AOD) method:
This method uses an acousto-optic device, which is an acousto-optic medium made of glass to which a piezoelectric element has been attached. By applying an electric signal to this piezoelectric element, ultrasonic waves are generated. These waves diffract laser light that passes through the acousto-optic medium. While the scanning speed is fast, the data obtained is prone to distortion.
Nipkow disk method:
A disk with one or more rows of pinholes arranged in a spiral is spun, and the multiple beams of light passing through the pinholes scan across the sample surface. While this method can produce relatively high data quality, observation of samples with low reflectivity is difficult.
Additional measurement principles
In recent years, advanced 3D surface profilers that combine multiple different measurement principles have garnered increasing attention. By combining multiple measurement principles into one device, each measurement principle's weak points can be compensated for. Keyence's VK-X3000 Series 3D Surface Profiler integrates three different principles in a single unit: white light interferometry, laser confocal scanning, and focus variation. This makes it possible for a single unit to measure and analyze a variety of targets, regardless of their material, shape, or surface conditions.
Principle of white light interferometry:
White light interferometry captures 3D shape data through the observation of light interference patterns using an image sensor, such as a CMOS. Using an interference objective lens with a built-in reference mirror, white light from an LED or other light source is used to illuminate the reference mirror and the target (measurement surface). The light reflected from each object interferes with one another, and the interference pattern appears as contour lines at each half wavelength. This corresponds to the shape of the target surface with respect to the reference mirror. The interference stripe is then captured by the image sensor and processing is used to determine the 3D shape of the target.
A: Reference mirror, B: Objective lens, C: Beam splitter, D: Sample
Principle of focus variation:
A high-resolution image sensor is used to determine the focal point for each pixel by detecting focal changes (i.e. the degree of blur in an image). To detect focal changes, multiple images of the target are captured while the lens moves in the Z direction. For in-focus images, the difference in brightness between adjacent pixels increases proportionally to the image brightness. However, if the image is not in focus, the difference in brightness between adjacent pixels becomes small. This makes it possible to obtain the height information for a target by recording the lens position at the point with the greatest difference in brightness.
Benefits of 3D Surface Profilers
3D measurement systems fall within two main categories: contact and non-contact systems. Contact systems utilize a probe or stylus that physically makes contact with the surface being measured. The VK-X Series is a non-contact measurement system, that overcomes common limitations of contact systems.
Contact systems generally suffer from several limitations, including causing damage to certain surface types, inability to measure viscous or adhesive materials, and an inability to measure surface features smaller than the tip of the stylus. Because the VK-X Series is a non-contact measurement system, there are no issues in regards to damaging a sample, or difficulty measuring adhesive or viscous materials. Additionally, the VK-X is equipped with a laser with a beam spot radius of 0.2 micron, enabling even the smallest surface features to be detected.
Optical microscopes are generally the standard for imaging, but these systems have a shallow depth-of-field and limited spatial resolution (approximately 500 nm). On the other end of the spectrum, SEMs can provide extremely high resolution and magnification, but can only produce monochrome images and are unable to view larger objects without destroying them. Additionally, SEMs are difficult to operate, and require samples to be coated in a conductive material and scanned within a vacuum. KEYENCE's 3D Surface Profiler can capture high-definition color images at up to 28800x magnification.
The VK-X is equipped with a white light source and a laser source in conjunction with a focus stacking algorithm, enabling high resolution, fully-focused images to be captured. Additionally, because a laser is used, a spatial resolution of 120 nm can be achieved. From an operation standpoint, the VK-X series requires no sample preparation, and even large objects can be accommodated for non-destructive imaging.
Many measurement systems use a single measurement principle to obtain data from a target. While this allows the system to be used for the measurement of some targets, others targets will require the use of a different measurement system. For example, white light interferometers struggle to obtain data on very rough surfaces, or surfaces with steep angles. In this instance, the user would be required to use a laser confocal microscope to obtain accurate data on the target.
Equipped with laser confocal scanning, white light interferometry, and focus variation, KEYENCE’s 3D Surface Profiler can measure nearly any target. Measurement and analysis can be flexibly performed from the millimeter scale to the micrometer and nanometer scale. Typically, users would need three different measurement systems to measure such a wide-range, but KEYENCE's triple scan approach allows for nearly any target to be measured with just one device, no matter the material or shape.
3D Surface Profiler Case Studies
Surface roughness measurement
Surface roughness has many standardized parameters; the more the parameters, the more complicated measurement becomes, which tends to mean more time spent to complete an evaluation. Quantification on its own is not sufficient to make a judgment, and pass/fail tests and quality control can be challenging. KEYENCE’s VK-X3000 Series 3D Surface Profilers can scan the surfaces of targets with high definition and provide quantitative 3D measurements. The measurement results can be subjected to pass/fail tests by comparing them across multiple samples using 42 roughness parameters. Surface roughness is quantified and roughness distribution can be visualized in graphs, which enables instantaneous quantification of differences in material, finish, texture, feel, and other appearance characteristics.
SEM-like imaging
The VK-X3000 is equipped with a color CMOS camera and a 16-bit PMT for capturing the returned laser light. Due to the increased resolution when using a laser over white light, the VK-X is capable of capturing high magnification images with a higher resolution than standard optical microscopes. With a maximum achievable magnification of 28800x, the VK-X can capture high-resolution color images that rival an SEM. Additionally, no sample prep is required when using the VK-X, so images can be captured instantaneously.
Measuring large targets
Generally, 3D surface profilers cannot measure targets that cannot be placed on the XY stage. However, VK-X3000 Series 3D Surface Profilers are structured so that it is possible to separate the microscope into a measuring head and base. This allows for the measurement head to be integrated with larger stages, allowing for a nearly limitless measurement range.
Frequently Asked Questions About 3D Surface Profilers
No, the VK-X3000 Series 3D Surface Profiler can be more easily operated than SEMs and general microscopes. The AI-Scan function automates the data acquisition process, allowing advanced algorithms to handle the adjustment of multiple scan settings. The user is only required to place the target on the stage and press measure. Regardless of the operator's experience or knowledge, the VK-X3000 Series captures accurate, repeatable results, preventing measurement from being restricted to only people with a specific skill set and eliminating hours of training on the system.
The maximum magnification provided by VK-X3000 Series 3D Surface Profiler is 28800× (with a 23-inch monitor full display). We provide a wide-ranging lineup of dedicated lenses from 2.5× to 150×, all of which undergo rigorous inspection before being shipped. Long working distance lenses are available for measuring targets with large height changes and high aspect ratios.
The VK-X3000 Series uses a company license system, allowing for installation and use of the software on multiple computers at no additional cost. The software can also be used remotely, supporting work from home and access from other offices or hotels when travelling. Instant sharing of data among colleagues helps facilitate swift project performance.
This website provides information on how 3D surface profilers can be used to quantify surface texture and roughness, including relevant terminology, roughness parameter definitions, and the pros and cons of different measuring instruments.
A must-read document for anyone using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This guide introduces the full extent of the capabilities of the latest 3D surface profilers, using many measurement and observation images. A rich source of information that helps you understand and solve problems you may experience with an SEM.